Erica Kohl-Arenas' new book, "The Self-help Myth: How Philanthropy Fails to Alleviate Poverty" (2016) offer strong criticism of philanthropic work, by asking "Can the surplus of capitalist exploitation be used to aid those on whose backs this surplus is generated? Can these surplus dollars contribute to addressing entrenched poverty while refusing to address systematic questions of labor, migration, and human rights?" (p. 36). Quote for this edition of the "thought provokers" series offers interesting food for thought, and space for critical reflection:

While the author continues to work in the sector, and with funders, she argues the prospects for transformative change appear minimal. She concludes, "on the one hand, this research confirms the expected – that private philanthropy will not fund projects that attempt to make significant changes in the economic sphere or address the structural causes of poverty and inequality" (p. 74-75). However, the book also offer nuance, the author continues: "On the other hand, a story of top-down co-optation and control, as presented in much of the critical philanthropy scholarship, is insufficient in explaining the relationship between the movement and funders in that it neglects the complicated negotiations between foundations and movement leadership." (p. 75).

The pitch:

• "This book shows how private foundations maintain systems of inequality by funding individualistic programs that appear to address poverty but that in practice often avoid the root causes of the problems foundations propose to solve… just an in resource-rich regions of the global South, poverty is produced through relationships of capital production, often hidden from sight, amidst great wealth." (p. 4)

• "Recent critical global development scholarship describes the participation of the poor in programs such as microcredit and conditional cash transfer programs as representing a new neoliberal rationality that structures the lives of the poor around solving their own problems while obscuring the capitalist relationships that maintain poverty in the global South." (p. 25)
  

A way forward?

• "Without listening to the people who still have passion, dreams, and hope, and who are not consumed with grant-reporting obligations and the next funding trend, we will not know what is possible." (p. 180)
  

Academics tend to focus on the negatives in international development, not giving as much attention and space to reflect on what has worked well. I previously wrote about a small-scale agricultural project. Here is a brief overview of a large-scale, long-term project that facilitated systemic change:

The same year that I first arrived in Ethiopia, in 2006, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and a range of implementing partners began working with the Government of Ethiopia to increase access to testing and treatment for HIV/AIDS. At the time, there were significant challenges. For example: 24,400 people were being treated, of more than 250,000 than required it, making ART coverage less than 9%; only 21% of women were accessing PMTCT services while an estimated 75,000 women living with HIV were giving birth annually, resulting in a large number of children being born with HIV.

• For additional details, see: Taddesse, D., Jamieson, D. and Cochrane, L. 2015. Strengthening Public Health Supply Chains in Ethiopia: PEPFAR-supported Expansion of Access and Availability. Development in Practice 25(7): 1043-1056.
  

During my first two years in the country I worked with facilities supporting orphaned children, often affected by and/or living with HIV. At the time, an HIV diagnosis was considered a death sentence. Treatment was largely not available. Mothers would drop off their children at orphanages after being diagnosed. Children born with HIV had a short life expectancy, often less than five years. One of the facilities in our network was a home designed to meet the needs of children living with HIV, but due to a lack of treatment their supportive role was to ensure children had a positive and happy experience in their short lives.

I have been in and out of Ethiopia during the last decade , and since 2013 have worked for a PEPFAR-supported implementing partner. Significant progress has been made, and PEPFAR as facilitated systemic change in the healthcare system.

Healthcare Facilities (total and service-specific), 2006-2015

Today, HIV treatment is widely available, and provided freely. Patients on treatment are living normal healthy lives. Fewer and fewer children are being born with HIV, and those that are born with the virus have access to treatment. In 2005 there were more than 1,000,000 people living with HIV, more than a quarter of whom required treatment but only 24,400 had access to it. By 2015, the coverage for those requiring treatment has risen from under 9% to over 80%. The number of people receiving treatment rose from 24,400 to more than 344,000. The percent of women accessing PMTCT services rose from 21% to 57%. HIV prevalence has declined from 4.4% in 2003 to 1.5% in 2015.

Service coverage improvements are just one part of the story. The expansion of the healthcare system that enabled these changes is remarkable. The number of healthcare facilities increased from 775 to 3,447; PMTCT-providing facilities increased from 500 to 2,495, ART-providing facilities increased from 25 to 1,047, lab monitoring sites increased from 106 to 326. With the support of PEPFAR, and a host of other donors and organizations, the Government of Ethiopia has transformed the healthcare system in the span of a decade.

Lots of work remains to be done, and significant challenges are yet to be addressed. That said, it is healthy to occasionally step back and recognize what has been accomplished. HIV/AIDS is now considered to be a chronic, yet treatable, disease. A diagnosis is no longer a time for questioning the care of ones children, and treatment is freely available and widely accessible to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Ethiopia is steadily progressing toward complete treatment coverage. There have been no reported treatment interruptions during the last decade. Many leaders within Ethiopia, from government leaders to religious institutions, are speaking about HIV/AIDS. The work has facilitated systemic change, and will have a lasting legacy: not only will it have changed the lives of those living with or affected by HIV, it has contributed to the development of a public healthcare system that will serve the needs of Ethiopians now and in the future.